Buku Ilmu Batuan Kelas 10 SMK

Materi Ilmu Batuan

Kata Pengantar ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... iii
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... viii

BAB 1 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 1
KRISTALOGRAFI ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 1
1. Pengertian Kr istalografi ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1
2. Bentuk Kristal ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 2
3.Dasar Pembagian Sistem Kristalografi ................................ ................................ ............. 7
3.1. Sumbu, Sudut dan Bidang Simetri ................................ ................................ ............ 7
3.2. Proyeksi Orthogonal ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 8
3.Herman -Mauguin ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 9
3.4.Schoenflish ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 10
3.5. Indeks Miller -Weiss ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 12
4.Sistem Kristalografi ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 13
4.1.Sistem Isometrik ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 13
4.2.Sistem Tetragonal ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 21
4.3.Sistem Hexagonal ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 29
4.4.Sistem Trigonal ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 38
4.5.Sistem Orthorhombik ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 45
4.6.Sistem Monoklin ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 50
4.7.Sistem Triklin ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 55
5.PERMATA ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 109

BAB II ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 119
MINERALOGI ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 119
1.Pengertian mineral ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 119
2.Cara Terjadinya Mineral ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 121
2. 1 Pembentukan dari larutan -larutan ................................ ................................ ......... 121
2. 2 Magma ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 124
2. 3 Sublimasi ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 125
2. 4 Metamorfisme ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 126
3. Terda patnya Mineral ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 126
4. Mineral Urat Primer dan Sekunder ................................ ................................ ............. 129
5. Kegunaan Mineral ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 131
6. Deskripsi Mineral ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 147
7. Alat dan bahan yang digunakan ................................ ................................ ................... 148
8. Sifat Fisis Mineral ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 148
8.1. Warna ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 149
8.2. Kilap (luster) ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 153
8.3. Cerat/gores (streak) ................................ ................................ ................................ . 157
8.4. Belahan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 158
8.5. Pecahan ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 161
8.6. Kekerasan (hardness) ................................ ................................ ............................. 162
8.7. Sifat dalam (tetanitas) ................................ ................................ ............................. 168
8.8. Berat Jenis (specific grafity) ................................ ................................ ................... 170
8.9. Kemagnitan ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 171
8.10. Kelistrikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 171

BAB III ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 175
DESKRIPSI MINERALOGI ................................ ................................ ................................ 175
1. Mineral Silika ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 175
2. Min eral Oksida ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 175
3. Mineral Sulfida ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 176
4. Mineral Sulfat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 177
5. Mineral Karbonat ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 177
6. Mineral Klorida (Halida) ................................ ................................ ............................... 177
7. Mineral Fosfat ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 178
8. Mineral Native Element ................................ ................................ ................................ 178
8.1. elemen -elemen natif ................................ ................................ ................................ 180
8.2. SULFIDA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 190
8.3. HALIDA ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 202
8.4. oksida -hidroksida ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 205
8.5. karbonat ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 217
8.6. nitrat ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 220
8.7. tungsten dan molibdat ................................ ................................ ............................. 221
8.8. posfat, arsenat dan vanadian ................................ ................................ ................. 223
8.9. sulfat ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 226
8.10. borak ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 230
8.11. silikat ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 231

BAB IV ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 262
MINERAL PEMBENTUK BATUAN (ROCK FORM ING MINERAL) ............................. 262
1. Defini si ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 262
2. Reaksi Bowen ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 263
3. MINERAL – MINERAL PEMBENTUK BATUAN ................................ ........................ 264
4. PELAPUKAN BATUAN (ROCK WEATHERING) ................................ ....................... 274

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 276

DAFTAR GAMBAR

GAMBAR 1 MINERAL KALSITE ................................ ................................ ............................... 4
GAMBAR 2 MINERAL KWARSA ................................ ................................ .............................. 5
GAMBAR 3 MINERAL PLAGIOKLAS ................................ ................................ ...................... 5
GAMBAR 4 MINERAL AMPHIBOLE ................................ ................................ ........................ 6
GAMBAR 5 MINERAL BIOTITE ................................ ................................ ................................ 6
GAMBAR 6 SISTEM ISOMETRIK ................................ ................................ .......................... 15
GAMBAR 7 SISTEM KRISTAL ISOMETRIK ................................ ................................ ........ 16
GAMBAR 8 SISTEM TETRAGONAL ................................ ................................ ..................... 22
GAMBAR 9 SISTEM KRISTAL TETRAGONAL ................................ ................................ ... 23
GAMBAR 10 SISTEM HEXAGONAL ................................ ................................ ..................... 30
GAMBAR 11 SISTEM HEXAGONAL ................................ ................................ ..................... 32
GAMBAR 12 SISTEM TRIGONAL ................................ ................................ ......................... 40
GAMBAR 13 SISTEM KRISTAL TRIGONAL ................................ ................................ ........ 40
GAMBAR 14 SISTEM ORTHORHOMBIK ................................ ................................ ............. 46
GAMBAR 15 SISTEM KRISTAL ORTHORHOMBIK ................................ ........................... 47
GAMBAR 16 SISTEM MONOKLIN ................................ ................................ ......................... 52
GAMBAR 17 SISTEM KRISTAL MONOKLIN ................................ ................................ ....... 52
GAMBAR 18 SISTEM TRIKLIN ................................ ................................ ............................... 56
GAMBAR 19 SISTEM TRIKLIN ................................ ................................ ............................... 58
GAMBAR 20 Icositetrahedron(a), Triakisoctahedron(b), Hexakisoctahedron(c) ............. 60

DAFTAR TABEL
TABEL 1 TUJIH SISTEM KRISTAL ................................ ................................ .......................... 7
TABEL 2 PENGGAMBARAN TUJUH KRISTAL ................................ ................................ ..... 8
TABEL 3 HERMAN MAUGUIN ................................ ................................ ................................ . 9
TABEL 4 CONTOH SIMBUL SCHOENFLISH ................................ ................................ ...... 11
TABEL 5 SKALA KEKERASAN MUTLAK/ABSOLUT MINERAL DARI MOHS ............. 164
TABEL 6 ALAT -ALAT PENGUJI KEKERASAN ................................ ................................ .. 164
TABEL 7 SKALA KEKERASAN MOSH ................................ ................................ ............... 165
TABEL 8 SKALA KEKERASAN MOSH BESERTA GAMBAR MINERALNYA .............. 165
TABEL 9 SKALA KEKERASAN MOSH ................................ ................................ .............. 167
TABEL 10 UNSUR -UNSUR UTAMA PENYUSUN KERAK BUMI ................................ ... 262
TABEL 11 PENGENALAN MINERAL DAN SIFATNAY ................................ .................... 273