Buku Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 2 Kelas 2 SD

Materi Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 2

Kata Sambutan ....................................................................................................................................... iii
Kata Pengantar ....................................................................................................................................... iv
Pendahuluan......................................................................................................................................... v
Daftar Isi ......................................................................................................................................... vi

BAB 1 Kondisi Fisik Wilayah Indonesia ....................................................................................... 1
A. Letak Geografis Indonesia............................................................................................... 4
B. Hubungan Posisi Geografis dengan Iklim di Indonesia ................................................... 7
C. Flora dan Fauna Indonesia ............................................................................................... 9
D. Tanah................................................................................................................................12

BAB 2 Unsur Sosial Wilayah Indonesia ........................................................................................ 19
A. Permasalahan Kependudukan.......................................................................................... 22
B. Persebaran Penduduk yang Tidak Merata ........................................................................ 24
C. Kualitas Penduduk yang Belum Baik ............................................................................... 25
D. Upaya Mengatasi Masalah Kependudukan ...................................................................... 28

BAB 3 Lingkungan Hidup dan Pelestariannya ............................................................................ 35
A. Unsur-unsur Lingkungan Hidup ...................................................................................... 38
B. Arti Penting Lingkungan Bagi Kehidupan ....................................................................... 41
C. Bentuk-bentuk Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup ................................................................. 43
D. Pembangunan Berwawasan Lingkungan ......................................................................... 47

BAB 4 Permasalahan Penduduk dan Dampaknya ...................................................................... 53
A. Jumlah Penduduk ............................................................................................................. 56
B. Dampak Pertumbuhan Penduduk Terhadap Pembangunan .............................................. 61
C. Masalah Komposisi Penduduk ........................................................................................ 61
D. Distribusi Penduduk ........................................................................................................ 68

BAB 5 Kolonialisme dan Imperialisme Barat serta Pengaruhnya .............................................. 75
A. Perang Salib dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kolonialisme dan Imperialisme......................... 77
B. Kedatangan Bangsa-bangsa Eropa di Indonesia ............................................................... 79
C. Reaksi Rakyat Indonesia Menentang Bangsa-bangsa Eropa............................................ 84
D. Perkembangan Kekuasaan Belanda Di Indonesia ............................................................ 91
E. Reaksi Terhadap Pemerintahan Kolonial Belanda............................................................ 100
F. Reaksi Pengaruh Sosial .................................................................................................... 109
G. Daerah Persebaran Agama Kristen dan Islam Pada Masa Kolonial ................................. 110

Bab 6 Perkembangan Pergerakan Kebangsaan Indonesia ........................................................ 117
A. Pengaruh Perluasan Kekuasaan, Perkembangan Pendidikan Barat, dan Islam Terhadap
Munculnya Nasionalisme Indonesia................................................................................ 119
B. Peranan Golongan Terpelajar, Profesional dan Pers Dalam Menumbuhkembangkan
Kesadaran Nasional Indonesia......................................................................................... 123
C. Proses Pembentukan Identitas Nasional Indonesia .......................................................... 126
D. Organisasi Pergerakan Nasional di Indonesia .................................................................. 128
E. Manifesto Politik 1925, Kongres Pemuda 1928 dan Kongres Perempuan
Pertama............................................................................................................................ 137

BAB 7 Penyimpangan Sosial .......................................................................................................... 145
A. Penyakit Sosial................................................................................................................. 147
B. Berbagai Upaya Pencegahan Penyimpangan Sosial......................................................... 149

BAB 8 Hubungan Antara Kelangkaan Sumber Daya dengan Kebutuhan
Manusia ................................................................................................................................ 161
A. Beragam Jenis Kebutuhan Manusia ................................................................................. 163
B. Alat Pemenuhan Kebutuhan............................................................................................. 168
C. Kegunaan Alat Pemenuhan Kebutuhan ............................................................................ 173
D. Skala Prioritas Kebutuhan ................................................................................................ 176

BAB 9 Pelaku-pelaku Ekonomi ...................................................................................................... 181
A. Pelaku-pelaku Ekonomi................................................................................................... 183
B. Peran dan Fungsi Pelaku Ekonomi di Masyarakat ........................................................... 200

BAB 10Pasar..................................................................................................................................... 207
A. Pengertian Pasar ............................................................................................................... 209
B. Peranan Pasar ................................................................................................................... 210
C. Fungsi Pasar .................................................................................................................... 213
D. Macam-macam Pasar....................................................................................................... 214

BAB 11 Proses Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia ....................................................................... 223
A. Akhir Kekuasaan Jepang di Indonesia ............................................................................. 225
B. Peristiwa Rengasdengklok............................................................................................... 227
C. Kronologis Proklamasi Kemerdekaan.............................................................................. 230

BAB 12 Peristiwa-peristiwa Sekitar Proklamasi dan Proses Terbentuknya
Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia .............................................................................. 237
A. Membahas Pembentukan Kelengkapan Pemerintahan dan Negara.................................. 239
B. Dukungan Spontan terhadap Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia .................................. 246

BAB 13 Pranata Sosial ...................................................................................................................... 253
A. Bentuk-bentuk Pranata Sosial .......................................................................................... 255
B. Pranata Sosial Dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat.................................................................. 262
C. Penyimpangan dan Pengendalian Sosial .......................................................................... 270

BAB 14Ketenagakerjaan.................................................................................................................. 283
A. Pengertian Angkatan Kerja dan Masalah Angkatan Kerja ................................................ 286
B. Pengertian Tenaga Kerja dan Masalah Tenaga Kerja ........................................................ 287
C. Peranan Pemerintah Dalam Permasalahan Tenaga Kerja.................................................. 289

BAB 15 Pelaku Ekonomi Indonesia .................................................................................................299
A. Sistem Ekonomi Indonesia............................................................................................... 301
B. Pelaku Utama dalam Perekonomian Indonesia................................................................. 305
C. Sektor Usaha Informal Sebagai Kenyataan Ekonomi ....................................................... 312

BAB 16 Pajak ..................................................................................................................................... 317
A. Pengertian Pajak dan Pungutan Resmi Lainnya ............................................................... 319
B. Fungsi Pajak .................................................................................................................... 322
C. Jenis Pajak ....................................................................................................................... 324
D. Sistem Perpajakan di Indonesia ........................................................................................ 328
E. Pajak yang Ditanggung Keluarga Siswa .......................................................................... 331

BAB 17 Permintaan dan Penawaran ............................................................................................... 337
A. Permintaan....................................................................................................................... 339
B. Penawaran........................................................................................................................ 345
C. Harga Keseimbangan....................................................................................................... 350

Daftar Pustaka ........................................................................................................................................ 356
Indeks................................................................................................................................................ 359