Buku Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan 2 Kelas 11 SMA/SMK

Materi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan 2

Daftar IsiDaftar Isi Daftar IsiDaftar Isi
Daftar Isi
Kata Sambutan .................................................................................................... iii
Kata Pengantar ................................................................................................... iv
Pendahuluan ......................................................................................................... v
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................... viii

Bab 1 Budaya Politik di Indonesia
A. Budaya Politik .................................................................................................. 3
B. Perkembangan Budaya Politik di Indonesia .................................................. 7
1. Tipe-tipe Budaya Politik ............................................................................ 7
a. Budaya politik parokial .......................................................................... 7
b. Budaya politik kaula ............................................................................... 7
c. Budaya politik partisipan ........................................................................8
2. Perkembangan Budaya Politik di Indonesia ............................................. 11
a. Hirarki yang tegar/ketat ......................................................................... 13
b. Kecenderungan patronage .................................................................... 14
c. Kecenderungan neo-patrimonialistik ..................................................... 14
C. Sosialisasi Pengembangan Budaya Politik ..................................................... 17
1. Imitasi .......................................................................................................... 19
2. Instruksi ...................................................................................................... 19
3. Desiminasi ................................................................................................... 19
4. Motivasi ....................................................................................................... 20
5. Penataran .................................................................................................... 20
D. Peran Budaya Politik Partisipan ..................................................................... 24
1. Partai Politik ............................................................................................... 24
a. Fungsi partai politik ................................................................................ 25
b. Aktivitas partai politik ............................................................................ 26
2. Partisipasi Politik ........................................................................................ 27
3. Debat Politik ............................................................................................... 30
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................ 39
Uji Kompetensi ...................................................................................................... 40

Bab 2Budaya Demokrasi
A. Budaya Demokrasi .......................................................................................... 47
1. Pengertian Budaya Demokrasi ................................................................. 47
2. Prinsip-Prinsip Budaya Demokrasi ........................................................... 52
a. Prinsip-prinsip budaya demokrasi secara umum .................................. 52
b. Prinsip-prinsip budaya demokrasi Pancasila ........................................ 57
B. Demokratisasi Menuju Masyarakat Madani ( Civil Society) ....................... 61
C. Pelaksanaan Demokrasi di Indonesia ............................................................. 68
1. Pelaksanaan Demokrasi di Masa Revolusi .............................................. 69
2. Pelaksanaan Demokrasi di Masa Orde Lama ......................................... 70
a. Masa demokrasi parlementer/liberal ..................................................... 70
b. Masa demokrasi terpimpin .................................................................... 72
3. Pelaksanaan Demokrasi di Masa Orde Baru .......................................... 74
4. Pelaksanaan Demokrasi di Masa Transisi ............................................... 76
5. Pelaksanaan Demokrasi di Masa Reformasi ........................................... 77
D. Perilaku Budaya Demokrasi ........................................................................... 81
1. Di Lingkungan Keluarga ............................................................................ 82
2. Di Lingungan Sekolah ................................................................................ 82
3. Di Lingkungan Masayarakat ..................................................................... 83
4. Di Lingkungan Bangsa dan Negara .......................................................... 83
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................ 86
Uji Kompetensi ...................................................................................................... 88

Bab 3 Keterbukaan dan Keadilan
A. Keterbukaan dan Keadilan dalam Kehidupan Berbangsa dan Bernegara ........................................................... 95
1. Pengertian Keterbukaan ............................................................................ 95
2. Pengertian Keadilan ................................................................................... 95
3. Makna Penting Keterbukaan dan Keadilan dalam Pemerintahan .......... 97
B. Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan yang Tidak Transparan ............................. 108
1. Pengertian Penyelenggara Pemerintahan ................................................ 108
2. Asas Penyelenggaraan Negara ................................................................ 109
3. Dampak Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan yang Tidak Transparan ......... 113
a . Bidang politik .......................................................................................... 114
b. Bidang ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup .................................................. 114
c. Bidang sosial budaya dan keagamaan.................................................. 114
d. Bidang pertahanan dan keamanan ........................................................ 115
C. Upaya Mewujudkan Keterbukaan dan Keadilan di Indonesia ..................... 124
Rangkuman ........................................................................................................... 128
Uji Kompetensi ...................................................................................................... 131
Latihan Ulangan Semester 1 ........................................................................... 135

Bab 4 Hubungan Internasional
A. Pengertian, Arti Penting, dan Sarana-Sarana Hubungan Internasional ....... 141
1. Pengertian Hubungan Internasional .......................................................... 141
2. Arti Penting Hubungan Internasional ....................................................... 144
3. Sarana-Sarana Hubungan Internasional ................................................... 146
a . Diplomasi ................................................................................................ 147
b. Propaganda ............................................................................................. 147
c. Ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya .................................................................. 147
d. Kekuatan militer ..................................................................................... 147
B. Perjanjian Internasional ................................................................................... 148
1. Memahami Pengertian, Asas, Istilah, dan Macam Perjanjian Internasional ............................................................................. 148
2. Tahap-Tahap Perjanjian Internasional ...................................................... 156
a. Tahap perundingan ( negotiation) ........................................................ 156
b. Tahap penandatanganan ( signature) .................................................... 156
c. Tahap pengesahan ( ratification) .......................................................... 156
3. Pembatalan Perjanjian Internasional ........................................................ 158
4. Berakhirnya Perjanjian Internasional ....................................................... 158
C. Perwakilan Negara di Luar Negeri ................................................................ 159
1. Perwakilan Diplomatik ............................................................................... 160
a. Pembukaan Perwakilan Diplomatik ...................................................... 160
b. Pengangkatan dan penerimaan Perwakilan Diplomatik ...................... 161
c. Klasifikasi Perwakilan Diplomatik ........................................................ 162
d. Tugas Perwakilan Diplomatik ................................................................ 163
e. Fungsi Perwakilan Diplomatik ............................................................... 164
2. Perwakilan Konsuler .................................................................................. 165
3. Kekebalan dan Keistimewaan Diplomatik ............................................... 166
a. Inviolability (tidak dapat diganggu gugat) .......................................... 167
b. Immunity (kekebalan) ............................................................................ 167
D. Peranan Organisasi Internasional................................................................... 169
1. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) ....................................................... 169
2. Konferensi Asia-Afrika (AA) ................................................................... 179
3. ASEAN ....................................................................................................... 183
E. Menghargai Manfaat Kerja Sama dan Perjanjian Internasionalbagi Indonesia .................................................................................................. 185
1. Manfaat Kerja Sama Internasional bagi Indonesia ................................. 185
2. Manfaat Perjanjian Internasional bagi Indonesia .................................... 186
3. Menghargai Prinsip Kerja Sama dan Perjanjian Internasional ............... 187
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................ 189
Uji Kompetensi ...................................................................................................... 191

Bab 5 Sistem Hukum dan Peradilan Internasional
A. Sistem Hukum Internasional ........................................................................... 197
1. Makna Hukum Internasional ..................................................................... 197
2. Asas-Asas Hukum Internasional .............................................................. 198
3. Subjek Hukum Internasional ..................................................................... 201

a. Negara .................................................................................................... 201
b. Takhta Suci ............................................................................................. 201
c. Palang Merah Internasional .................................................................. 202
d. Organisasi Internasional ........................................................................202
e. Orang perseorangan (individu) .............................................................. 202
f. Pemberontak dan pihak dalam sengketa (belligerent) ......................... 203
4. Isi Hukum Internasional ............................................................................ 204
a. Hukum damai .......................................................................................... 204
b. Hukum perang ........................................................................................ 204
5. Sumber-Sumber Hukum Internasional ...................................................... 205
B. Sistem Peradilan Internasional ....................................................................... 208
1. Mahkamah Internasional ( The International Court of Justice, MI ) ... 208
a. Komposisi Mahkamah Internasional ..................................................... 209
b. Fungsi utama Mahkamah Internasional ................................................ 209
c. Yurisdiksi Mahkamah Internasional ...................................................... 210
2. Mahkamah Pidana Internasional(The International Criminal Court, ICC ) ............................................. 211
a. Komposisi Mahkamah Pidana Internasional ........................................ 211
b. Yurisdiksi Mahkamah Pidana Internasional ......................................... 212
3. Panel Khusus dan Spesial Pidana Internasional (The International
Criminal Tribunals and Special Court, ITC & SC ) ............................ 212
C. Penyebab Sengketa Internasional dan Upaya Penyelesaiannya .................. 215
1. Penyebab Sengketa Internasional ............................................................. 215
2. Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional secara Damai ... ............................ 216
a. Arbitrase ................................................................................................. 216
b. Penyelesaian yudisial ............................................................................. 217
c. Negosiasi, jasa-jasa baik, mediasi, konsiliasi, dan penyelidikan .......... 217
d. Penyelesaian di bawah naungan organisasi PBB ................................ 218
3. Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional secara Paksa atau Kekerasan .... 221
a. Perang dan tindakan nonperang ............................................................ 221
b. Retorsi ..................................................................................................... 221
c. Tindakan-tindakan pembalasan ............................................................. 221
d. Blokade secara damai ............................................................................ 221
e. Intervensi ................................................................................................ 222
4. Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional melalui Mahkamah Internasional ........................................................................... 223
a. Dasar hukum proses peradilan Mahkamah Internasional ................... 223
b. Mekanisme persidangan Mahkamah Internasional ............................. 224
D. Menghargai Putusan Mahkamah Internasional ............................................. 227
Rangkuman ............................................................................................................ 229
Uji Kompetensi ...................................................................................................... 231
Ulangan Umum Semester 2 ............................................................................. 235

Glosarium ............................................................................................................. 239
Indeks Subjek dan Pengarang ........................................................................\242
Kunci Jawaban .................................................................................................... 243
Daftar Pustaka ........................................................................\............................ 252