Buku Teknik Pembenihan Ikan Kelas 11 SMK

SMK Kelas 11

Buku Teknik Pembenihan Ikan Kelas 11 SMK
Kelas 11
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Penerbit Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan
Tahun 2014
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Materi Teknik Pembenihan Ikan

KATA PENGANTAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... ii
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... ix
PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. x
GLOSARIUM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... xii

I. PENDAHULUAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 6
B. Prasyarat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 6
C. Petunjuk Penggunaan ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 6
D. Tujuan Akhir ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 7
E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ................................ ................................ .............. 8
F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 9

II. PEMBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 11
Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1. PENANGANAN TELUR IKAN ................................ .......................... 11
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 11
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 11
1. Tujua n Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 11
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 11
a. Sifat dan Karakteristik Sperma dan Telur ................................ ............................ 15
b. Fekuinditas Telur Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ . 33
c. Penetasan Telur Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 36
d. Perkembangan Embrio ................................ ................................ ................................ 45
e. Proses telur menetas ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 47
f. Teknik Penetasan Telur Ikan ................................ ................................ ......................... 62
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 64
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 65
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 67
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 72
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 72
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 83
3. Ke terampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 86

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2 PEMELIHARAAN LARVA IKAN ................................ ...................... 93
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 93
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 93
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 93
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 93
a. Perkemban gan Larva Ikan ................................ ................................ .......................... 98
b. Pemberian Pakan Larva ................................ ................................ ............................. 103
c. Faktor Lingkungan yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan Larva ............... 113
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 119
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 120
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 124
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 126
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 126
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 126
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 129

Kegiatan Pem belajaran 3 TEKNIK PENDEDERAN BENIH IKAN ................................ ......... 135
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 135
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 135
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 135
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 136
a. Persiapan Wadah dan Media Pendederan ................................ .......................... 137
b. Pemupukan dan Pengapuran Kolam Pendederan ................................ ........... 140
c. Penebaran / Pelepasan Benih ................................ ................................ ................. 150
d. Pemeliharaan Benih Ikan ................................ ................................ .......................... 152
e. Pemberian Pakan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 163
f. Pengelolaan Kualitas Air ................................ ................................ ................................ 174
g. Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit Ikan ................................ ............................... 176
h. Pengobatan Ikan yang Terserang Penyakit ................................ ........................ 182
i. Sampling ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 192
j. Pemanenan Ben ih Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 193
k. Penanganan Hasil Panen ................................ ................................ ........................... 196
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 199
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 201
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 204
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 206
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 206
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 211
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 215

III.PENUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 221
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 223
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Jenis jenis sifat dan karakteristik Telur Ikan ................................ ............................... 13
Gambar 2. Telur ikan sebelum dibuahi oleh sel sperma ................................ ............................... 19
Gambar 3. Karakteristik telur ikan berdasarkan kulit luarnya (a) non adhesive, (b) adhesive, (c) telur bertangkai, (d) telur berenang (e) gumpal an lender.........21
Gambar 4. Karakter telur berdasarkan berat jenisnya (a) buoyant, (b) semi buoyant, dan (c) non buoyant ........................... ............. 22
Gambar 5. Bagian Bagian sperma ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ 24
Gambar 6. Wadah Penetasan Telur Ikan bawal ................................ ................................ ............... 40
Gambar 7. Pemanenan dan Penetasan Telur ikan Bawal ................................ ............................. 41
Gambar 8. Macam -macam bentuk wadah penetasan telur ikan bawal ................................ .. 42
Gambar 9. Penetasan Telur Ikan Mas ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 43
Gambar 10. Perkembangan telur sampai penetasan larva ikan bawal ................................ .... 46
Gambar 11. Perkembangan telur sampai larva ikan Lele ................................ ............................. 55
Gambar 12 . Mekanisme penetasan telur ikan ................................ ................................ ................... 57
Gambar 13. Proses penetasan telur ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 58
Gambar 14. Perkembangan Larva Ikan ................................ ................................ ............................... 96
Gambar 15. Macam macam Ukuran Kuning Telur Ikan fase prolarva. ................................ ... 99
Gambar 16. Larva dan Kuning Telur Ikan ................................ ................................ ......................... 102
Gambar 17. Macam macam pakan alami yang umum diberikan kepada larva ikan ........ 105
Gambar 18. Emulsi kuning telur ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 108
Gambar 19. Proses sanitasi wadah ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 111
Gambar 20. larva ikan bawal umur 2 hari dengan gerakan vertikal ................................ .... 117
Gambar 21. Persiapan B ak Pendederan Benih Ikan ................................ ................................ ...... 138
Gambar 22. Kolam pendederan yang dilengkapi dengan kamalir ................................ ........... 140
Gambar 23. Penebaran Kapur pada Kolam Pendederan Ikan ................................ .................. 148
Gambar 24. Proses aklimatisasi benih ikan ................................ ................................ ..................... 152
Gambar 25. Kolam ikan secara tradisional ................................ ................................ ...................... 153
Gambar 26. Pengeringan Dasar Kolam Pendederan ................................ ................................ .... 155
Gambar 27. Pemeliharaan Ikan di Kolam air Deras. ................................ ................................ .... 160
Gambar 28. Kincir air di Tambak untuk Meningkatkan Kandu ngan Oksigen Terlarut ... 161
Gambar 29. Sampling benih ikan patin ................................ ................................ ............................. 176
Gambar 30. Dropsy pada Platty (kiri) dan Cupang (kanan) . ................................ .................... 178
Gambar 31. Akumulasi cairan pada organ dalam ikan ................................ ................................ 178
Gambar 32. Ikan yang terserang " white spot" ................................ ................................ ............... 181

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Rata -rata ukuran lebar kepala dan panjang ekor sperma ikan famili Cyprinidae ............... ................................ .............. 25
Tabel 2. Volume dan Jumlah spermatozoa dalam satu kali ejakulasi ................................ ...... 27
Tabel 3. Kecepatan dan lama Pergerakan spermatozoa ikan dalam air ( Ginzburg, 1972 ) .. ...................... 28
Tabel 4. Waktu dan derajat penetasan yang dibutuhkan dari beberapa jenis ikan. ........... 51
Tabel 5. Nilai optimum kualitas air untuk larva ikan bawal ................................ ..................... 112
Tabel 6. Kegiatan pemeliharaan larva dalam suatu kegiatan pembeni han ikan .............. 118
Tabel 7. Hubungan kandungan fosfat dan kesuburan perairan ................................ .............. 142
Tabel 8. Beberapa jenis pupuk anorganik ................................ ................................ ......................... 143
Tabel 9 . Unsur hara pada pupuk kandang ................................ ................................ ........................ 145
Tabel 10. Kandungan Gizi Beberapa Jenis Pakan Alami ................................ ............................. 168
Tabel 11. Bentuk Pakan Buatan Untuk Ikan ................................ ................................ .................... 169
Tabel 12. Tahap Penentuan Jumlah Pakan Harian Pada Setiap Bulan Setelah Sampling Pada Pembesaran Ikan Mas. .................................. ................... 171
Tabel 13. Frekuensi, Waktu dan Proporsi Pemberian Pakan ................................ .................... 173
Tabel 14. Pemberian Pakan Untuk Berbagai Jenis Ukuran Pakan ................................ .......... 174