Buku Dasar Proses Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian dan Perikanan Kelas 10 SMK

Materi Dasar Proses Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian dan Perikanan

KATA PENGANTAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... i
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... vi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... ix
PETA KEDUDUKAN B AHAN AJAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ x
GLOSARIUM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. xi
I. PENDAHULUAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 1
B. Prasyarat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 1
C. Pentunjuk Penggunaan ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 2
D. Tujuan Akhir ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 3
E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ................................ ................................ .............. 4
F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 5
II. PEMBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 6

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1 . Melakukan Teknik Konversi Bahan (25 JP) .......................... 6
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 6
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 7
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 7
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 7
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 80
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 81  
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 81
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 81
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 81
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 82
3. Keterampila n ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 82

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2. Melakukan Teknik Pengendalian Kandungan Air (20 JP) ................................................................. ........................ 84
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 84
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 84
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 84
2. Ura ian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 85
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .115
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 117
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 117
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 117
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 117
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 118
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 119

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 3 . Melakukan Proses Penggunaan Suhu (15 JP) ................. 120
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 120
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 121
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 12 1
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 121
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .163
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 164
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 164
C. Penil aian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 164
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 164
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 165
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 165

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 4. Melakukan Fermentasi dan Enzimatis (25 JP) ............... 167
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 167
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 167
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 167
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 167
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .216
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 217
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 217
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 217
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 217
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 218
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 218

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 5. Melakukan Teknik Kimiawi (15 JP) ................................ ....220
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 220
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 220
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 220
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 220
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .266
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 267
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 267
C. Penil aian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 267
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 267
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 268
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 269
III. PENUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 270
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 271

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 . Contoh pisau pengupas ................................ ................................ ................................ 14
Gambar 2 . Pengecilan ukuran/memotong. ................................ ................................ ................ 15
Gambar 3 . Pisau kubis ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 15
Gambar 4 . Contoh pisau cincang ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 15
Gambar 5 . Contoh pisau pengiris. ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 16
Gambar 6 . Alat pembersih sisik ikan. ................................ ................................ ........................... 16
Gambar 7 . Gambar contoh pemarut manual dan pemarut semi manual ....................... 17
Gambar 8 . Gambar contoh pemarut masinal. ................................ ................................ ............ 18
Gambar 9 . Contoh hasil pengecilan ukuran bahan kering. ................................ ................... 19
Gambar 10 . Hammer Mill ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 20
Gambar 11 . Contoh Hammermill . ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 21
Gambar 12 . Bagian dalam burr mill . ................................ ................................ ................................ 22
Gambar 13 . Contoh burr mill untuk biji jagung. ................................ ................................ .......... 23
Gambar 14 . Jaw crusher ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 24
Gamb ar 15 . Gyratory crusher . ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 24
Gambar 16 . Gambar prinsip kerja roll mill . ................................ ................................ ................... 26
Gambar 17 . Contoh roll mill . ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 26
Gambar 18 . Ribbon blender (Lily, 2012) ................................ ................................ ........................ 38
Gambar 19 . Double cone mixer (Lily, 2012) ................................ ................................ .................. 39
Gambar 20 . Twin -shell blender ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 39
Gambar 21 . Drum miring (Lily, 2012) ................................ ................................ ............................ 40
Gambar 22 . Mixer (Lily, 2012) ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 41
Gambar 23 . Jenis -jenis alat pengaduk (agitator) (Lily, 2012) ................................ ............... 43
Gambar 24 . Posisi agitator dalam tangki dan arah aliran cairan (Lily, 2012) ................ 43
Gambar 25 . Hand Mixer (Lily, 2012) ................................ ................................ ............................... 44
Gambar 26 . Jenis -jenis homogenizer (Lily, 2012) ................................ ................................ ...... 45
Gambar 27 . Gambar alat pengadon ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 45
Gambar 28 . Jenis -jenis pengaduk untuk pasta atau adonan (Lily, 2012) ......................... 46
Gambar 29 . Contoh hasil proses pencampuran ................................ ................................ .......... 53
Gambar 30 . Contoh proses emulsifikasi. ................................ ................................ .......................... 62
Gambar 31 . Contoh produk hasil proses emulsifikasi. ................................ ............................. 63
Gambar 32 . Contoh produk hasil ekstraksi. ................................ ................................ ................. 73
Gambar 33 . Proses pengeringan alami. ................................ ................................ .......................... 90
Gambar 34 . Alat pengering cabinet dryer . ................................ ................................ ..................... 94
Gambar 35 . Contoh pengering terowongan ( tunnel dyer ). ................................ ..................... 94
Gambar 36 . Contoh pengering klin. ................................ ................................ ................................ . 95
Gambar 37 . Gambar pengering semprot ( Spray dryer ) ................................ ............................ 95
Gambar 38 . Contoh pengering vakum ( vacuum dryer ) ................................ ............................ 95
Gambar 39 . Contoh pengering drum ( drum dryer ) ................................ ................................ .... 96
Gambar 40 . Contoh pengering beku ( freeze dryer ) ................................ ................................ .... 96
Gambar 41 . Proses penguapan pada pembuatan kunyit instan. ................................ ........ 103
Gambar 42 . Evaporator efek tunggal ( single effect evaporator ) ................................ ......... 106
Gambar 43 . Evaporator efek majemuk pada pembuatan nira. ................................ ........... 107
Gambar 44 . Gambar proses perendaman. ................................ ................................ ................... 115
Gambar 45 . Contoh alat pendingin ( refrigerator ) ................................ ................................ ....130
Gambar 46 . Contoh alat pembeku ( freezer )................................ ................................ ................ 132
Gambar 47 . Produk hasil pembekuan. ................................ ................................ .......................... 132
Gambar 48 . Contoh kerusakan karena chilling injury . ................................ ............................ 135
Gambar 49 . Contoh mesin UHT. ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 145
Gambar 50 . Contoh pasteurisasi dengan cara Batch Holding Process .............................. 147
Gambar 51 . Contoh produk hasil pasteurisasi. ................................ ................................ .......... 148
Gambar 52 . Contoh hasil blansing. ................................ ................................ ................................ .152
Gambar 53 . Contoh proses sterilisasi dengan retort . ................................ .............................. 154
Gambar 54 . Proses ekshausting pada produk pengalengan. ................................ ............... 155
Gambar 55. Contoh produk fermentasi dengan Saccharomyces cereviceae. .................. 176
Gambar 56 . Contoh produk fermentasi dengan bakteri asam laktat. ............................... 183
Gambar 57. Contoh produk fermentasi dengan bakteri asam asetat. .............................. 184
Gambar 58 . Contoh produk fermentasi dengan kapang/jamur. ................................ ........ 190
Gambar 59. Contoh VCO ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 212
Gambar 60 . Contoh gula hasil proses sulfitasi. ................................ ................................ .......... 225
Gambar 61 . Minuman berkarbonasi. ................................ ................................ ............................. 227
Gambar 62 . Reaksi penyabunan mono dan digliserida dalam minyak. ........................... 229
Gambar 63 . Gambar alat netralisasi dan pemucatan minyak. ................................ ............. 233
Gambar 64 . Gambar skema alat penyulingan asam lemak bebas. ................................ ..... 235
Gambar 65 . Contoh produk hasil hidrolisis pati. ................................ ................................ ...... 241
Gambar 66 . Contoh minyak yang sudah dan belum dimurnikan. ................................ ...... 248
Gambar 67 . Contoh produk hasil proses koagulasi/penggumpalan. ................................ 251
Gambar 68 . Skema penggumpalan ................................ ................................ ................................ .257

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1 . Beberapa contoh operasi pencampuran . ................................ ................................ .... 47
Tabel 2. Contoh komposisi/formula/resep yang menggunakan satuan persen (%) . 50
Tabel 3 . Contoh komposisi/formula/resep yang menggunakan satuan gram (g) ...... 50
Tabel 4 . Kehilangan vitamin dalam susu konsentrat dan UHT ................................ ......... 111
Tabel 5 . Tujuan Pasteurisasi untuk Beberapa Jenis Bahan Makanan ............................. 139
Tabel 6 . Kehilangan Vitamin Selama Proses Pasteurisasi ................................ ................... 145
Tabel 7 . Kualitas Susu Segar Berdasarkan Lamanya Waktu Reduksi ............................. 150
Tabel 8 . Hubungan antara bahan dasar, bakteri yang berperan, hasil fermentasi dan perubahan yang terjadi. ................................ .................... ...178
Tabel 9 . Penggunaan kapang dalam fermentasi makananan ................................ ............. 185
Tabel 10 . Penggunaan kapang dalam Industri ................................ ................................ ........... 186
Tabel 11 . Keuntungan serta kerugian hidrolisis kimiawi dan enzimatis ......................... 237