Buku Dasar-dasar Budaya Perairan Kelas 10 SMK

Materi Dasar-dasar Budaya Perairan

KATA PENGANTAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... i
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... iv
DAFTAR TABEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... viii
PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... ix
GLOSARIUM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. x

I. PENDAHULUAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 3
B. Prasyarat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 4
C. Petunjuk Penggunaan ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 4
D. Tujuan Akhir ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 5
E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ................................ ................................ ........... 5
F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 6

II. PEMBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 8
Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1. Prinsip Prinsip Ekologi Pada Budidaya Perairan ...................... 8
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 8
B. Kegiatan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 8
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 8
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 8
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 98
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 101
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 103

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2. Sistem dan Teknologi Budidaya Perairan ............................... 106
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...106
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 106
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 106
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 107
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .249
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 250
5. Test Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 253
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...257
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 257
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 267
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 271

III. PENUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 277
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 278  

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1 . Ekosistem Darat, Laut, Payau dan Hutan Tropis ................................ ...................... 9
Gambar 2. Perpindahan energi ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 15
Gambar 3. Pohon yang Hidup di Tengah Padang Rumput ................................ ...................... 17
Gambar 4. Hutan mangrove ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 18
Gambar 5 Ekologi Laut ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 19
Gambar 6. Ekologi Darat ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 21
Gambar 7 . Ekologi Air tawar mengalir dan tenang ................................ ................................ ... 23
Gambar 8. siklus air ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 33
Gambar 9 Daun tumbuhan yang dapat m enyediakan makanan sendiri (Autotrof ) .... 36
Gambar 10. Bakteri Autotrop ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 38
Gambar 11. I kan gurame dan sapi , hewan Pemakan rumput ( Herbivora ) ..................... 39
Gambar 12 . Ikan gabus dan singa , Hewan Pemakan Daging (Karnivora ) ....................... 40
Gambar 13. Ayam dan ikan mas, Hewan Pe makan Segala galanya (Omnivora) ........... 40
Gambar 14 Individu Ikan Gurame ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 43
Gambar 15. Populasi Ikan Koi ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 44
Gambar 16. Komunitas Perairan dan Darat ................................ ................................ ................. 46
Gambar 17. Tingkatan Organisasi Ekosistem ................................ ................................ .............. 49
Gambar 18. Hubungan Biotik dan Abiotik pada Ekosistem ................................ .................. 50
Gambar 19. Biosfer yang terdiri dari Ecosphere, atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hidrosphere ................................ ............................ ............... 51
Gambar 20. Bioma Gurun ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 53
Gambar 21. Padang Rumput ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 53
Gambar 22. Hutan Basah ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 54
Gambar 23. Hutan Gugur ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 55
Gambar 24. Bioma Taiga ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 55
Gambar 25. Bioma Tundra ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 56
Gambar 26. Zona Hidup Organisme di Perairan ................................ ................................ ........ 58
Gambar 27. Stratifikasi Perairan Berdasarkan Intensitas Matahari ................................ .. 61
Gambar 28. Perairan berdasarkan kedalaman ................................ ................................ .......... 64
Gambar 29. Stratifikasi Perairan Berdasarkan Suhu Air ................................ ......................... 65
Gambar 30. Ekosistem Pantai ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 67
Gambar 31. Ekosistem Estuaria ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 69
Gambar 32. Ekologi Terumbu Karang ................................ ................................ ........................... 70
Gambar 33. Aliran Energi ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 71
Gambar 34. Ikan Gurame Pemakan Harbivora ................................ ................................ ........... 75
Gambar 35. Ikan Gabus salah satu Pemakan Karnivora ................................ ......................... 76
Gambar 36. Ikan Mas Pemakan Omnivora ................................ ................................ ................... 78
Gambar 37. Rusa dan Burung Jalak saling simbiosis mutualisme ................................ ....... 80
Gambar 38. Ikan Paus dengan Ikan Ramora dalam Simbiosis Komensilisme ................. 81
Gambar 39. Benalu yang Hidup di Pohon Kayu dalam Simbiosis Parasitisme ............. 82
Gambar 40. Rantai makanan ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 82
Gambar 41. Rantai Pem angsa tipe Perumput ................................ ................................ .............. 83
Gambar 42. Rantai Parasit tipe parasit ................................ ................................ .......................... 84
Gambar 43. Rantai Saprofit Rantai Makanan Tipe Detritus ................................ .................. 84
Gambar 44. Jaring Makanan ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 86
Gambar 45. Jaring Makanan Kontrol Bawah ke Atas ................................ .............................. 87
Gambar 46. Jaring makanan Kontrol Atas ke Bawah ................................ ............................... 88
Gambar 47. Daur Air ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 90
Gambar 48. Siklus Nitrogen ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 93
Gambar 49. Siklus Fosfor ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 95
Gambar 50. Siklus Karbondioksida ................................ ................................ ................................ . 96
Gambar 51. Siklus Sulfur /Belerang ................................ ................................ ................................ . 97
Gambar 52 . Keterkaitan dan Keterpaduan antar Kegiatan Budidaya Perairan ........... 108
Gambar 53 Tambak Budidaya Ikan Bandeng secara Tradisional ................................ ...... 111
Gambar 54. Kolam Budidaya Ikan Secara Tradisional ................................ .......................... 112
Gambar 55. Pipa p emasukan, pelimpasan dan pengeluaran ................................ ............... 114
Gambar 56 . Aeromonas sp dan Lernea sp serta gejala serangannya ................................ .119
Gambar 57 Pengering an Kolam Pemijahan Ikan Mas ................................ .............................. 120
Gambar 58 . Pemasangan Substrat pada Kolam Pemijahan ikan ................................ ......... 121
Gambar 59. Sosok dan Ijuk untuk p emijahan Ikan Gurame ................................ ................ 121
Gambar 60 . Induk betina ikan mas matang gonad ................................ ................................ ...123
Gambar 61 Telur Menempel pada Kakaban ................................ ................................ ................ 125
Gambar 62. Wadah penetasan telur bak semen dan bak fiber ................................ ............ 128
Gambar 63 Happa Wadah Pemijahan, Penetasan Telur dan Pemeliharaan larva ........ 129
Gambar 64 . Emulsi kuning telur Untuk Pakan Larva Ikan ................................ .................... 130
Gambar 65 . Pengeringan Dasar K olam ................................ ................................ .......................... 131
Gambar 66. Dasar kolam, Kamalir dan Kobakan Pendederan Benih Ikan ...................... 133
Gambar 67. Aklimatisasi benih Ikan ................................ ................................ .............................. 134
Gambar 68 . Ciri -ciri Induk Ikan Lele Matang Gonad ................................ ................................ 140
Gambar 69. Penyuntikan Induk Ikan Bawal ................................ ................................ ............... 141
Gambar 70. Perke mbangan alat Pencernaan Larva dan Benih Ikan Baung .................... 148
Gambar 71 . Kolam pendederan yang dilengkapi dengan kamalir ................................ ...... 150
Gambar 72 . Proses aklimatisasi benih ikan mas ................................ ................................ ....... 153
Gambar 73. Pengukuran kecerahan ................................ ................................ .............................. 154
Gambar 74. Kodok ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 157
Gambar 75. Ular ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....157
Gambar 76 . Burung ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 158
Gambar 77 . Ikan Gabus ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 158
Gambar 78. Belut ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .159
Gambar 79 . Ucrit ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..160
Gambar 80. Ikan Terserang Penyakit Ichthyophthirius multifilis ................................ ....... 161
Gambar 81. Lernea dan Ikan terserang Lernea ................................ ................................ ......... 162
Gambar 82 . Hama Ikan Argulus ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 163
Gambar 83 . Hama Ikan, Tricodina ................................ ................................ ................................ ...163
Gambar 84s . Penyakit Ikan, Aeromonas sp ................................ ................................ ................... 164
Gambar 85. Pipa Pemasukan dan Pengeluaran Air ................................ ................................ .172
Gambar 86 Kamalir pada kolam ................................ ................................ ................................ ....174
Gambar 87 Ekosistem Perairan ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 176
Gambar 88 . Resirkulasi Air ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 177
Gambar 89 . Jenis jenis Wadah Penetasan Telur Ikan ................................ .............................. 179
Gambar 90 . Hubungan Pengelolaan Induk, Fasilitas dan Target Produksi .................... 184
Gambar 91 Alur Perhitungan Produksi dan Penyediaan Fasilitas ................................ ..... 185
Gambar 92 . Kontrol Hormon pada Proses Reproduksi Ikan ................................ ................ 188
Gambar 93 . Manipulasi hormon dan lingkungan dalam reproduksi Ikan ....................... 189
Gambar 94 . Sperma Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 191
Gambar 95 . Induk ikan patin jantan dan betina ................................ ................................ ........ 202
Gambar 96 . Striping telur dan Pencampuran Sperma ................................ ............................. 206
Gambar 97. Perkembangan telur sampai larva ikan Lele ................................ ...................... 212
Gambar 98 . Pengemasan benih ikan patin seca ra tertutup ................................ ................. 227
Gambar 99. Hubungan Padat penebaran, Pakan dan Kualitas air pada Pembesaran Ikan ................................ ............................... .............................. 232
Gambar 100 . Mengolah Das ar Wadah ................................ ................................ .......................... 234
Gambar 101. Memberi Pakan Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ .238
Gambar 102 . Memanen Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 239
Gambar 103 Skema Pembesaran Ikan pada sistem Resirkulasi ................................ ........ 242
Gambar 104. Kolam Air Deras ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 243
Gambar 105. Cara Membuat Jaring Terapung ................................ ................................ ........... 244
Gambar 106. Memberi Pakan Ikan di kolam Jaring Apung ................................ ................... 245
Gambar 107. Cara Pemanenan Ikan di Jaring Apung ................................ .............................. 247
Gambar 108 . Proses Mengepak Ikan ................................ ................................ .............................. 248
Gambar 10 9. Pemasangan Jaring Tancap di Perairan Umum ................................ ........... 248
Gambar 110. Kolam Budidaya Ikan Secara Tradisional ................................ ....................... 251
Gambar 111. Kolam Budidaya Ikan Secara Semi Intensif ................................ ..................... 251
Gambar 112. Kolam Budidaya Ikan Secara Intensif ................................ ................................ 252
 
DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1 . Cek Kemampuan Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 6
Tabel 2. Perbandingan Pola Pengelolaan Pada Budidaya Udang di Tambak ................ 115
Tabel 3 . Nama Ben ih Ikan Berdasarkan Ukuran ................................ ................................ ....... 169
Tabel 4 . Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..169
Tabel 5 . Rata -rata ukuran lebar kepala dan panjang ekor sper ma ikan famili Cyprinidae ................................ ............... ................ 192
Tabel 6. Rata -rata ukuran lebar kepala dan panjang ekor sperma ikan famili Cyprinidae ................................ ......... ................ 193
Tabel 7 . Volume dan Jumlah spermatozoa dalam satu kali ejakulasi ............................... 195
Tabel 8. Kecepatan dan lama Pergerakan spermatozoa ikan dalam air ( Ginzburg, 1972 ) .................................................. ......................... 196