Buku Dasar-dasar Budaya Perairan Kelas 10 SMK

Materi Dasar-dasar Budaya Perairan

HALAMAN FRANCIS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... i
KATA PENGANTAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... ii
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... viii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... x
PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... xi
GLOSARIUM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. xiii

I. PENDAHULUAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 1
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 1
B. Prasyarat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 3
C. Petunjuk Penggunaan ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 3
D. Tujuan Akhir ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 9
E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ................................ ................................ ........ 10
F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 13

II. PEMBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 14
Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1. Menganalisis potensi budidaya perairan berdasarkan
sumberdaya alam, ekonomi dan sosial. ................................ ................................ .................. 14
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 14
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 15

Kegiatan Belajar 1. Ruang lingkup dan tujuan bu didaya perairan ............................. 15
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 15
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 15
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 36
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 37

Kegiatan Belajar 2. Potensi dan Peran Budidaya Perairan ................................ ............ 40
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 40
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 40
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 73
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 73

Kegiatan Belajar 3. Jenis -Jenis Komoditas Dan Karakteristik Komoditas Perairan Yang Memiliki Nilai Ekonomis Tinggi Baik Untuk Tingkat Lokal, Regional,
Maupun Internasional ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 76
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 76
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 76
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 105
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .106
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 107
C. Penila ian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...110
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 110
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 111
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 112

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2 : Menganalisis sistem fisiologi biota air (ikan, kekerangan, krustasea dan rumput laut) ................................ ................................ 114
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...114
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 115

Kegiatan Belajar 1. Morfologi dan Anatomi Biota Air ................................ .................... 115
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 115
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 115
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 145
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 149

Kegiatan Belajar 2. Sistem pencernaan dan metabolisme ................................ ........... 152
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 152
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 152
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 174
4. Tes Format if ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 177

Kegiatan Belajar 3. Sistem Reproduksi Biota Air ................................ ............................. 179
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 179
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 179
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 213
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 215

Kegiatan Belajar 4. Sistem Pernafasan (Respirasi) ................................ ......................... 218
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 218
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 218
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 233
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 239
Kegiatan Belajar 5. Sistem Peredaran Darah (S irkulasi) ................................ .............. 242
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 242
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 242
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 255
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 258

Kegiatan Belajar 6. Sistem Osmoregulasi ................................ ................................ ............ 261
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 261
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 261
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 296
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 299

Kegiatan Belajar 7. Sistem ekskresi ................................ ................................ ...................... 303
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 303
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 303
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 318
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 321

Kegiatan Belajar 8. Sistem Syaraf ................................ ................................ ........................... 324
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 324
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 324
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 336
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 339

Kegiatan Belajar 9. Sistem hormon ................................ ................................ ....................... 341
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 341
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 341
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 348  
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .351
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 352
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...355
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 355
2. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 356
3. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 358

III. PENUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 368
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 369

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Keg iatan (aktifitas) budidaya perairan ................................ ................................ ..... 15
Gambar 2. Land -base aquaqulture ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 24
Gambar 3. W ater -base aquaqulture ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 24
Gambar 4. Potensi sumberdaya alam Indonesia ................................ ................................ ......... 44
Gambar 5. Budidaya ikan, Budidaya kerang mutiara dan Budidaya rumput laut .......... 46
Gambar 6. Produk hasil perikanan ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 51
Gambar 7. Skema pengembangan usaha budidaya perairan ................................ .................. 57
Gambar 8. Budidaya ikan air tawar ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 97
Gambar 9. Budidaya ikan air payau dan laut ................................ ................................ ................ 97
Gambar 10. Budidaya ikan hias ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 97
Gambar 11. Komoditas krustacea (Kepiting, udang windu, lobster) ................................ ... 98
Gambar 12. Budidaya kekerangan/moluska ................................ ................................ ................. 99
Gambar 13. Teripang (holothuria scabra ) ................................ ................................ ...................... 99
Gambar 14. Kodok bulfrok ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 100
Gambar 15. Bagian tubuh ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 118
Gambar 16. Morfologi Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 119
Gambar 17. Tipe -tipe utama letak mulut ................................ ................................ ...................... 122
Gambar 18. Bentuk sirip ekor ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 124
Gambar 19. Posisi sirip perut terhadap sirip dada ikan ................................ ......................... 125
Gambar 20. Pengukuran meristik dan morfometrik ikan ................................ ...................... 127
Gambar 21. Morfologi krustacea ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 128
Gambar 22. Morfologi rumput laut ................................ ................................ ................................ .129
Gambar 23. Anatomi ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 133
Gambar 24. Anatomi kerang (Molluska) ................................ ................................ ....................... 139
Gambar 25. Mekanisme pencernaan pada ikan ................................ ................................ ......... 159
Gambar 26. Katabolisme biota air ................................ ................................ ................................ ...164
Gambar 27. Anabolisme biota air ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 167
Gambar 28. Siklus hidup ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 184
Gambar 29. Siklus hidup udang ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 185
Gambar 30. Siklus hidup kepiting ................................ ................................ ................................ ...185
Gambar 31. Siklus hidup kerang ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 187
Gambar 32. Alat kelamin sekunder ikan jantan dan ikan betina ................................ ........ 190
Gambar 33. Hasil pengamatan histologis gonad kepiting ................................ ...................... 193
Gambar 34. Bagian -bagian sperma biota air ................................ ................................ ............... 205
Gambar 35. Mikrofil telur biota air ................................ ................................ ................................ .208
Gambar 36. Perkembangan sel di dalam telur biota air ................................ ......................... 212
Gambar 37. Jenis insang ikan berdasarkan makanannya ................................ ...................... 221
Gambar 38. Bagian -bagian insang pada ikan ................................ ................................ .............. 223
Gambar 39. Proses re spirasi pada ikan ................................ ................................ ......................... 226
Gambar 40. Mekanisme pemompaan air ................................ ................................ ...................... 228
Gambar 41. Sistem sirkulasi Ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 244
Gambar 42. Ruang -ruang pada jantung ikan ................................ ................................ .............. 245
Gambar 43. Sistem peredaran vena pada ikan teleostei ................................ ........................ 250
Gambar 44. Komposisi pembentukan sel darah merah ................................ .......................... 252
Gambar 45. Osmoregulasi pada ikan air tawar ................................ ................................ .......... 273
Gambar 46. Osmoregu lasi pada ikan air Laut ................................ ................................ ............. 274
Gambar 47. Osmoregulasi ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 281
Gambar 48. Alat ekskresi ikan ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 308
Gambar 49. Ekskresi ikan air tawar dan ekskresi ikan air laut ................................ ........... 315
Gambar 50. Bagian -bagian otak ikan ................................ ................................ ............................. 328

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. Pengamatan kegiatan -kegiatan dalam budidaya perairan ................................ ..... 33
Tabel 2. Potensi pasar komoditas rumput laut dalam negeri dan luar negeri ................. 54
Tabel 3. Pengamatan potensi budidaya perairan ................................ ................................ ........ 69
Tabel 4. Pengamatan hasil produksi budidaya perairan ................................ .......................... 70
Tabel 5. Permasalahan pengembangan budidaya perairan ................................ .................... 71
Tabel 6. P engamatan observasi dan identifikasi komoditas ekonomis ........................... 103
Tabel 7. Pengamatan morfologi biota air ................................ ................................ ..................... 147
Tabel 8. Distribusi darah pada beberapa jaringan Rainbow trout ................................ ...... 254
Tabel 9. Perbedaan sistem osmoregulasi ikan air tawar dan ikan laut ............................ 275
Tabel 10. P erbandingan antara ikan teleostei dan elasmobranchi , ................................ .... 291
Tabel 11. Distribusi reseptor GH ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 346