Buku Produksi Pakan Buatan 1 Kelas 10 SMK

Materi Produksi Pakan Buatan 1

I. PENDAHULUAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1
A. DESKRIPSI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 1
1. Pengertian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 1
2. Rasional ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 1
3. Tujuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 2
4. Ruang Lingkup Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 3
5. Prinsip -prinsip Belajar, Pembelajaran, dan Asessmen ................................ .......................... 3
Prinsip -prinsip Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 3
6. Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 4
7. Penilaian/asessmen ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 4
B. PRASYARAT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 5
C. PETUNJUK PENGGUNAAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 6
D. TUJUAN AKHIR ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 8
E. KOMPETENSI INTI DAN KOMPETENSI DASAR ................................ ................................ ...... 8
F. CEK KEMAMPUAN AWAL ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 11

II. PE MBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 16
KEGIATAN BELAJAR 1: Menganalisis macam -macam kebutuhan nutrisi pakan buatan .............. 16
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 16
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 17
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 17
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 17
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 118
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 118

KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 2: Menganalisis sistem fisiologi nutrisi pada biota air ................ 142
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 142
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 142
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 142
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 142
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 172
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 173
5. Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik ................................ ................................ ................................ . 181

KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 3: Menganalisis jenis -jenis bahan baku pakan ............................... 185
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 185
B. Kagiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 185
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 185
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 185
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 217
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 218
5. Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 226
C. Penilaian/Evaluasi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 232
1. Attitude skills ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 232
2. Kogni tif skills ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 260
3. Psikomotor Skills ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 283

III. PENUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 290
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 292

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Organ pencernaan udang ................................ ................................ ....................... 143
Gambar 2. Organ pencernaan ikan omnivora (ikan mas) ................................ ...................... 143
Gambar 3. Organ pencernaan ikan bandeng ................................ ................................ ........... 143
Gambar 4. Organ pencernaan ikan laut ................................ ................................ ................... 144
Gambar 5. Organ pencernaan kekerangan ................................ ................................ .............. 144
Gambar 6. Organ pencernaan kekerangan ................................ ................................ ............. 145
Gambar 7. Perbandingan perbandingan organ pencernaan antara ikan herbivora, omnivora dan carnivora ..................... ........................ 147
Gambar 8. Proses metabolisme pada makhluk hidup ................................ ............................... 151
Gambar 9. Distribusi Energi (Sumber Watanabe ,1988) ................................ ........................ 164
Gambar 10. Ikan dan Tepung Ikan ................................ ................................ ........................... 187
Gambar 11. Kedele dan tepung kedele ................................ ................................ .................. 188
Gambar 12. Jagung dan Tepung jagung ................................ ................................ .................. 188
Gambar 13. Pohon Gandum yang menghasilkan Pollard ................................ ...................... 189
Gambar 14. Sawit, bungkil kelapa sawit dipergunakan sebagai bah an baku ...................... 189
Gambar 15. Singkong ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 189
Gambar 16. Bahan baku import dan bahan lokal ................................ ................................ ... 194

DAFTAR TABEL


Tabel 1. Nama dan singkatan asam amino (Millamena, 2002) ................................ ................ 30
Tabel 2. K ebutuhan asam amino essensial pada beberapa jenis ikan dalam % protein pakan (Akiyama et al , 1997) ......................... ............. 39
Tabel 3. Tingkat kebutuhan protein optimal (% berat kering pakan) ................................ .. 45
Tabel 4. Klasifikasi Karbohidrat (Millamena, 2002) ................................ ................................ . 48
Tabel 5. Nilai kecernaan karbohidrat berdasarkan kad ar dan ................................ ................ 54.
Tabel 6. Kebutuhan optimum karbohidrat dalam pakan untuk pertumbuhan beberapa ikan budidaya. .................. ................................ . 57
Tabel 7. Nama umum asam lemak ................................ ................................ ............................ 63
Tabel 8. Kelompok Asam lemak Uns aturated/tidak jenuh (Millemena, 2002) ...................... 64
Tabel 9. Kebutuhan asam lemak essensial pada ikan (Watanabe, 1988) ............................... 65
Tabel 10. Kompo................... ................................ ................................ ..... 68
Tabel 11. Penggolongan beberapa sumber Vitamin A (Flint (1981) dalam Winarno (1997) ....................................... .................. 74
Tabel 12. Kebutuhan vitamin A beberapa spesies ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1987 dan 1991) . 75
Tabel 13. Kekurangan vitamin A pada beberapa jenis ikan (Tacon 1987&1991) ................ 76
Tabel 14. Kebutuhan vitamin D pada beberapa jenis ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1987 & 1991) 78
Tabel 15. Kebutuhan vitamin E pada beberapa jenis ikan (Tacon, 1987, 1991) ................... 81
Tabel 16. Kriteria respon ikan terhadap pemberian vitamin E sesuai dengan kebutuhan ikan budidaya (NRC, 1993) .................... .... 82
Tabel 17. Gejala kekurangan vitamin E pada beberapa ikan budidaya Tacon, 1991) ......... 84
Tabel 1 8. Kebutuhan Tiamin dalam pakan (Tacon, 1991) ................................ ....................... 86
Tabel 19. Tanda -tanda kekurangan tiamin pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) .................... 87
Tabel 20. Kebutuhan Vitamin B2 dalam pakan ikan ................................ ................................ 89
Tabel 21. Tanda -tanda kekurangan riboflavin pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ............... 90
Tabel 22. Kebutuhan Vitamin B6 dalam pakan ikan ................................ ................................ 92
Tabel 23. Tanda -tanda kekurangan riboflavin pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ............... 93
Tabel 24. Kebutuhan Vitamin B5 dalam pakan ................................ ................................ ......... 95
Tabel 25 . Tanda -tanda kekurangan asam pantotenat pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ... 96
Tabel 26. Kebutuhan Biotin dalam pakan ................................ ................................ ................. 98
Tabel 27. Tanda -tanda kekurangan biotin pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ..................... 98
Tabel 28 . Kebutuhan Asam folat dalam pakan Ikan (Tacon, 1991) ................................ ...... 100
Tabel 29. Tanda -tanda kekurangan asam folat pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ............ 100
Tabel 30. Kebutuhan Vitamin B12 dalam pakan Ikan (Tacon, 1991) ................................ ... 102
Tabel 31. Tanda -tanda kekurangan vitamin B12 pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ........ 102
Tabel 32. Kebutuhan Niasin dalam pakan Ikan (Tacon, 1991) ................................ .............. 104
Tabel 33. Tanda -tanda kekurangan niasin pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ................... 104
Tabel 34. Kebutuhan inositol dalam pakan Ikan (Tacon, 1991) ................................ ............ 106
Tabel 35. Tanda -tanda kekurangan inositol pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ................ 107
Tabel 36. Kebutuhan kolin dalam pakan Ikan (Tacon, 1991) ................................ ................ 108
Tabel 37. Tanda -tanda kekurangan kolin pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ..................... 108
Tabel 38. Kebutuhan vita min C dalam pakan Ikan (Tacon, 1991) ................................ ........ 110
Tabel 39. Tanda -tanda kekurangan inositol pada ikan budidaya (Tacon, 1991) ................ 112
Tabel 40 Beberapa jenis ikan berdasarkan kebiasaan makannya (Hertrampf,J.W and Pascual,F.P, 2000) ......... ................. 147
Tabel 41 . Perbedaan Struktur Anatomis Ikan Herbivora, omnivora dan Karnivora . ......... 148
Tabel 42. Kebutuhan energi untuk ikan Salmon ................................ ................................ ..... 170
Tabel 43. Kebutuhan energi untuk ikan Catfish ................................ ................................ ...... 170
Tabel 45. Kandungan Nutrisi B ahan Baku Nabati ................................ ................................ ... 195
Tabel 46. Kandungan Nutrisi Bahan Baku Hewani ................................ ................................ . 196
Tabel 47. Kandungan Nutrisi Bahan Baku Limbah Pertanian ................................ ............... 197
Tabel 48. Rekomendasi penggunaan bahan baku untuk pakan ikan dan udang dalam % (Tacon, 1988) ........ ........................ 198
Tabel 49. Jenis dan Kandungan n utrisi bahan baku ikan karnivora ................................ ..... 200
Tabel 50. Hasil analisa proksimat bahan baku (Millamena et al , 2000). .............................. 202
Tabel 51. Kandungan nutrisi bahan baku berdasarkan sumber energi dan protein nabati serta protein hewani. ............ ........... 207
Tabel 52. Formulasi lima jenis pakan uji (Suhenda, N et all , 2010) ................................ ...... 213