Buku Alat Mesin Pertanian Kelas 10 SMK

Materi Alat Mesin Pertanian

KATA PEN GANTAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... i
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... iv
PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ x
GLOSARIUM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. xi

I. PENDAHULUAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 1
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 1
1. Agricultural Engineering ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 3
2. Agricultural Mechanization atau Farm Mechanization ................................ .................. 4
B. Prasyarat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 6
C. Petunjuk Penggunaan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 7
D. Tujuan Akhir Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 7
E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ................................ ................................ .................... 7
F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 9

II. PEMBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 10
Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1 . Identifika si j enis alat dan mesin produksi pertanian, laboratorium, klimatologi, penyimpanan dan prosesing.......... 10
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 10
B. Kegiatan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 13
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 13
2. Uraian materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 13
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 150
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 151
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 153
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 154

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2 . Fungsi bagian -bagian alat dan mesin produksi pertanian, laboratorium, klimatologi, penyimpanan dan prosesing ........... 156
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 156
B. Kegiatan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 156
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 156
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 156
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 270
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 271
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 273
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 273

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 3 : Prinsip dan pr osedur kerja alat dan mesin produksi pertanian, laboratorium, klimatologi, penyimpanan dan prosesing ...........276
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 276
B. Kegiatan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 277
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 277
2. Uraian materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 277
Gabah hendaknya sudah betul -betul dengan kadar air 20 -22%(maksimum). Gabah
akan hancur/pecah jika kadar airnya lebih besar. ................................ ................................ ...301
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 318
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 319
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 321
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 321

III. PENUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 324
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 325

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1 . Sistem Produksi Pertanian ................................ ................................ ............................ 10
Gambar 2 . Proses Produksi Pertanian dan Prosesingnya ................................ ....................... 11
Gambar 3 . Klasifikasi Motor Listrik. ................................ ................................ ................................ 15
Gambar 4 . Motor DC ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 16
Gambar 5. MotorSinkron. ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 19
Gambar 6 . MotorInduksi. ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 20
Gambar 7 . Motor Bakar bensin 4 langkah (kiri) motor diesel 4 langkah (kanan) ........ 23
Gambar 8 . Pandangan samping dan atas traktor beroda tunggal ................................ ........ 27
Gambar 9 . Traktor Beroda Dua ( hand tractor ) ................................ ................................ ........... 28
Gambar 10 . Pandangan samping dan atas traktor beroda dua ................................ ............. 28
Gambar 11 . Mini Traktor ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 29
Gambar 12 . Traktor Besar ( Farm Traktor ) ................................ ................................ ................... 30
Gambar 13 . Traktor Standar Roda Ganda ................................ ................................ ..................... 30
Gambar 14 . Traktor Sistem Fergusen ................................ ................................ ............................. 31
Gambar 15 . Traktor Portal ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 32
Gambar 16 . Traktor Lereng (tampak depan dan tampak atas) ................................ ............ 32
Gambar 17 . Bajak Singkal satu arah ................................ ................................ ................................ 35
Gambar 18 . Bajak Singkal Dua Arah (empat singkal) ................................ ............................... 36
Gambar 19 . Bajak singkal ditarik traktor besar (16 singkal) ................................ ................ 37
Gambar 20 . Bajak Piring (Dua Piringan) ................................ ................................ ....................... 37
Gambar 21 . Bajak Piring (Empat Piringan) ................................ ................................ .................. 38
Gambar 22 . Bajak Rotary Traktor Besar Empat Roda ................................ .............................. 39
Gambar 23 . Bajak Rotary Hand Tra ktor Roda Dua ................................ ................................ .... 39
Gambar 24 . Bajak Rotary Traktor Roda dua (kiri) Roda Empat (kanan) ......................... 40
Gambar 25 . Garu Sisir Untuk Lahan Kering ................................ ................................ .................. 40
Gambar 26 . Garu Piring ( Disc Harrow ) Tepi Bergelombang ................................ .................. 41
Gambar 27 . Garu Piring Tepi Rata ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 41
Gambar 28 . Alat Penanam Sistem Baris Lebar ................................ ................................ ............ 43
Gambar 29 . Alat Penanam Sistem Baris Sempit ................................ ................................ ......... 44
Gambar 30 . Alat Penanam Sistem Baris Sebar ................................ ................................ ............ 45
Gambar 31 . Alat Penyebar Rabuk (Pupuk kandang) ................................ ................................ 47
Gambar 32 . Alat Penyebar Pupuk (Broad cast – Applicator ) ................................ ................. 48
Gambar 33 . Alat penyebar pupuk cair dan gas ................................ ................................ ........... 49
Gambar 34 . Bambu Runcing Pendek ................................ ................................ ............................... 53
Gambar 35 . Alat Penyiang Tajak ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 54
Gambar 36 . Alat Penyiang Kored ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 54
Gambar 37 . Beberapa Garpu dan Sekop Kecil Pendek ................................ ............................. 55
Gambar 38 . Garpu Gagang Panjang ................................ ................................ ................................ . 56
Gambar 39 . Cangkul alat penyiangan ................................ ................................ ............................. 56
Gambar 40 . Landak Lahan Kering ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 57
Gambar 41 . Garu Berbentuk Sisir ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 58
Gambar 42 . Kultivator yang dipasang di bagian tengah ................................ .......................... 59
Gambar 43 . Kultivator 4 baris ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 60
Gambar 44 . Kultivator yang digandengkan pada bagian tengah dan belakang ............ 61
Gambar 45 . Kultivator Lister 8 Baris ................................ ................................ .............................. 61
Gambar 46 . Kultivator Landak ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 62
Gambar 47 . Sprayer otomatis (kiri) - sprayer semi otomatis (kanan) .............................. 67
Gambar 48 . Alat semprot jenis Atamozer ................................ ................................ ..................... 68
Gambar 49 . Alat penyemprot jenis udara bertekanan ................................ ............................. 69
Gambar 50 . Alat Penyemprot Jenis Gendong ( knapsack )................................ ........................ 70
Gambar 51 . Alat Penyemprot Sistem Hidrolik ................................ ................................ ............ 70
Gambar 52 . Alat Penghembus Ditarik Hewan ................................ ................................ ............. 71
Gambar 53 . Alat penghembus bermesin sendiri yang ditarik kuda ................................ .... 72
Gambar 54 . Alat penghembus dengan tenaga PTO traktor ................................ .................... 73
Gambar 55 . Skema kerja alat penghembus bertenaga motor sendiri atau dari PTO traktor ............................................ 73
Gambar 56 . Pompa Plunyer ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 75
Gambar 57 . Pompa Torak ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 76
Gambar 58 . Pompa Sentrifugal ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 77
Gambar 59 . Alat Ketam Padi ( Reaper ) ................................ ................................ ............................ 79
Gambar 60 . Mesin Tuai dan Pengikat ( Binder ) ................................ ................................ ........... 80
Gambar 61 . Alat Panen “Mini Combine ” ................................ ................................ ......................... 81
Gambar 62 . Mesin Panen Padi “ Combine ” ................................ ................................ ..................... 82
Gambar 63 . M e si n P e n ge ri n g B i j i “ Gr a in D r ye r ” ................................ ................................ . 84
Gambar 64 . Alat pengering biji -bijian model “sangrai” ................................ .......................... 86
Gambar 65 . P a ddy Thr e she r t e n a ga ma n ua l ................................ ................................ ............ 88
Gambar 66 . P a ddy Thr e she r de n ga n t e n a ga me si n ................................ ............................. 89
Gambar 67 . Alat pengupas gabah ( Huller ) ................................ ................................ ................ 91
Gambar 68 . Pegas Set elan Rol Karet ................................ ................................ ........................... 95
Gambar 69 . Mesin Penyosoh Tipe Gesekan ................................ ................................ .............. 100
Gambar 70 . Penyosoh tanpa tekanan angin ( Engelberg )................................ ................. 101
Gambar 71 . Mesin penyosoh beras tipe silinder ................................ ................................ ..102
Gambar 72 . Oven listrik ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 105
Gambar 73 . Moisture Tester -OHAUS ................................ ................................ .............................. 106
Gambar 74 . Analitical Ballance -OHAUS ................................ ................................ ....................... 107
Gambar 75 . Mikroskop Binokuler ................................ ................................ ................................ ..108
Gambar 76 . Mikroskop Cahaya ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 109
Gambar 77 . Mikroskop Stereo ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 111
Gambar 78 . Mikroskop Elektron ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 112
Gambar 79 . Mikroskop Ultraviolet ................................ ................................ ................................ .113
Gambar 80 . Inkubator ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 115
Gambar 81 . “Laminar air flow” ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 120
Gambar 82 . Beberapa Macam Ukuran Erlenmeyer ................................ ................................ .122
Gambar 83 . Autoklaf ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 124
Gambar 84 . Cawan petris / Petridish ................................ ................................ ............................ 125
Gambar 85 . Gelas Ukur Dalam Berbagai Ukuran Volume ................................ ..................... 126
Gambar 86 . Shaker(penggojok) ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 128
Gambar 87 . Neraca Analisis ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 128
Gambar 88 . Anemometer tiga mangkok ................................ ................................ ...................... 135
Gambar 89 . Campbe l Stokes ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 138
Gambar 90 . Psychrometer Bola Basah Dan Bola Kering ................................ ....................... 142
Gambar 91 . Thermometer Maksimum ................................ ................................ ........................ 143
Gambar 92 . Thermometer Minimum ................................ ................................ ............................ 144
Gambar 93 . Thermohygrograph ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 145
Gambar 94 . Actinograph ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 145
Gambar 95 . Barometer ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 146
Gambar 96 . Penakar hujan jenis hellman ................................ ................................ .................... 147
Gambar 97 . Evaporimeter Panci Terbuka ................................ ................................ ................... 148
Gambar 98 . Thermometer Apung ................................ ................................ ................................ ...149
Gambar 99 . Tutup Kepala Silinder ( Cylinder Head Cover ) ................................ .................. 157
Gambar 100 . Kepala Silinder ( Cylinder Head ) ................................ ................................ ......... 158
Gambar 101 . Blok Silinder ( Cylinder Block ) ................................ ................................ ............. 159
Gambar 102 . Torak dan kelengkapannya ................................ ................................ ................... 164
Gambar 103 . Batang torak ( Connecting Rod ) ................................ ................................ ........... 166
Gambar 104 . Pena Torak ( Piston Pin ) ................................ ................................ ......................... 166
Gambar 105 . Poros engkol ( Crank Shaft ) ................................ ................................ .................. 167
Gambar 106 . Fly wheel (roda penerus) ................................ ................................ ....................... 168
Gambar 107 . Mekanisme Katup ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 169
Gambar 108 . Karburator dan sistem aliran bahan bakar ................................ ..................... 171
Gambar 109 . Pompa Injeksi (pada motor di esel) ................................ ................................ .... 172
Gambar 110 . Sistem Pelumasan pada Motor Bensin ................................ .............................. 174
Gambar 111 . Sistem pelumasan pada motor diesel ................................ ................................ 175
Gambar 112 . Motor Diesel dengan pendingin sistem hopper ................................ ............. 177
Gambar 113 . Motor dengan sistem pendingin radiator ................................ ........................ 178
Gambar 114 . Sistem Pengapian (Motor Bensin) ................................ ................................ ...... 179
Gambar 115 . Bagian -bagian motor diesel satu silinder tipe horizontal .......................... 180
Gambar 116 . Sistem bahan bakar motor diesel ................................ ................................ ........ 181
Gambar 117 . Kopling tipe pelat tunggal ................................ ................................ ...................... 19 2
Gambar 118 . As PTO ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 194
Gambar 119 . Drawbar ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 194
Gambar 120 . Three point hitch ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 195
Gambar 121 . Alat -alat kontrol ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 195
Gambar 122 . Kunci kontak ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 197
Gambar 123 . Saklar lampu ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 197
Gambar 124 . Lampu penunjuk ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 198
Gambar 125 . Bak Persneling ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 199
Gambar 126 . Tuas PTO ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 200
Gambar 127 . Pedal pengunci garden ................................ ................................ ............................ 201
Gambar 128 . Tuas hidrolik ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 201
Gambar 129 . Pedang kopling ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 202
Gambar 130 . Pedal Rem ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 203
Gambar 131 . Tuas penggerak roda depan ................................ ................................ .................. 204
Gambar 132 . Pedal Gas Kaki ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 204
Gambar 133 . Indikator dan saklar pada dashboard ................................ ................................ 206
Gambar 134 . Kunci kontak ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 206
Gambar 135 . Tachometer ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 208
Gambar 136 . Tuas gas ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 208
Gambar 137 . Posisi tuas kecepatan ................................ ................................ ............................... 209
Gambar 138 . Tuas PTO ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 210
Gambar 139 . Pedal kopling ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 210
Gambar 140 . Pedal Rem (kiri dan kanan)) ................................ ................................ ................. 211
Gambar 141 . Bagian -bagian bajak singkal ................................ ................................ .................. 213
Gambar 142 . Bagian -bagian Bajak Piringan ................................ ................................ ............... 215
Gambar 143 . Bajak rotari tipe tarik berpenggerak PTO ................................ ........................ 217
Gambar 144 . Garu Piringan ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 220
Gambar 145 . Bagian -bagian pompa torak ................................ ................................ .................. 230
Gambar 146 . Manset ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 232
Gambar 147 . Gelang torak dan cara pemasanganya ................................ ............................... 232
Gambar 148 . Torak dengan perapat labirin ................................ ................................ ............... 232
Gambar 149 . Bagian -bagian pompa sentrifugal ................................ ................................ ....... 235
Gambar 150 . Bagian -bagian alat panen padi (Binder) ................................ ........................... 238
Gambar 151 . Bagian -bagian alat panen padi ( Combine ) ................................ ....................... 242
Gambar 152 . Bagian -bagian Mikroskop ................................ ................................ ....................... 250
Gambar 153 . Bagian dan Proses Kerja Laminar ................................ ................................ ....... 253
Gambar 154 . Bagian -bagian Autoklaf ................................ ................................ ........................... 255
Gambar 155 . Neraca Analitik ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 259
Gambar 156 . Bagian -bagian Anemometer ................................ ................................ .................. 261
Gambar 157 . Bagian -bagian Alat Penakar Hujan (Hellman) ................................ ............... 264
Gambar 158 . Thermometer air raksa ................................ ................................ ........................... 265
Gambar 159 . Panci Bundar Besar ................................ ................................ ................................ ...268
Gambar 160 . Hook Gauge ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 269
Gambar 161 . Still Well ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 269
Gambar 162 . Langkah -langkah Pada Motor 4 Tak ................................ ................................ ...281
Gambar 163 . Langkah -langkah motor 2 tak ................................ ................................ ............... 282
Gambar 164 . Salah Satu Jenis Motor Bakar 4 Tak ................................ ................................ .... 284